We were once again able to return to Qeqertat to accompany the narwhal hunt!

Qeqertat is the only area where the traditional narwhal hunt using kayaks still remains. Spending several days on a boat with the engine turned off, waiting for the narwhal pods to appear. Then, hunters silently approach them by kayak to hunt.

Narwhals are very skittish, making it impossible to get close with motorboats. However, here in Qeqertat where traditional narwhal hunting is practiced, we can approach them at close range and observe their natural behavior.

We do not return to land until the hunt is successful. This time, we spent seven days floating on the sea with icebergs, surrounded by narwhals, and occasionally seals. The breathtaking views made it impossible to get bored. The Inuit cuisine we enjoy between hunts was always so delicious! My favorite dish is, of course, seal meat – it goes really well with mustard!

This was my second time accompanying the hunt, and my fifth time helping with narwhal processing. I’m gradually beginning to understand Greenlandic, learning the procedures of the hunt, and enjoying interacting with the hunters more and more.

Eventually, we were able to observe over 500 narwhals in total and successfully conducted behavioral observations using a drone. I’m always grateful to the hunters for providing such precious opportunities, and now I’ll begin analyzing the data!

At the end of July and beginning of August 2024, our team completed a mission to retrieve and partially redeploy long-term oceanographic and seismic stations around Inglefield Bredning Fjord in Northwest Greenland. All operations were possible thanks to local pilots skillfully sailing us between icebergs. Our stations were deployed a year ago to the sea floor and on islands near glacier calving fronts for interdisciplinary studies on glaciers, sea ice, ocean, and marine animals.

While retrieving the stations, aerial drone imagery was also taken to generate a Digital Elevation Model of the Bowdoin Glacier calving front. In addition, an NHK TV crew working on a documentary about our research and the region filmed our ocean and land operations from the boat and UAV.

The retrieved oceanographic stations continuously monitored the sounds of the ocean and seawater’s physical properties and performed acoustic profiling of the water column. Seismic stations recorded cryo-seismicity (i.e., ground shaking produced by icebergs and glaciers).

Retrieved data will be analyzed by different specialists. Analysis should reveal (i) the variability in the presence of such acoustic reflectors as zooplankton, fish, and icebergs, (ii) temporal variation of biological, natural, and anthropogenic sounds produced by marine mammals (like narwhals and seals), environment, and humans, and finally, (iii) timing and scale of glacier calving. The data analysis is expected to contribute to a better understanding of ice-clad glacial fjords, which serve as biological hotspots and hunting grounds undergoing rapid environmental changes nowadays.

We also continued observations at Qaanaaq Glacier’s outlet stream between July 19th to August 6th, 2024. In 2023 and earlier years, the bridge over the stream was washed out because of its overflow caused by heavy rain and glacier melting, and the connection between Qaanaaq village and Qaanaaq airport was cut off. To determine the impact of a warmer climate on the village’s society, measurements of the river discharge have been sustained by participants of Japanese expeditions since 2017.

The former method for discharge measurement has been labor and time-consuming. It required an observer to enter the river, measure the depth profile of the stream bed, and repeatedly insert an electromagnetic current meter into the stream, corresponding to a stay in cold water (~2℃) rushing at difficult-to-stand speeds (<2 m/s) for at least 10 minutes.

Motivated by a need to reduce the manual component of observations, this year, we installed four acoustic sensors and three time-lapse cameras near the river for testing and developing a discharge measurement method without entering the river. For this purpose, acoustic sensors were placed between the bridge and the stream’s source (at the Qaanaaq Glacier terminus) approximately every 500 m along the stream length of ~2.5 km. The change of the stream width and geometry might affect the properties of the acoustic signal; thus, we added three time-lapse cameras to capture the dynamics of the stream. Comparison of directly observed discharge with acoustic and imagery data is expected to improve our ability to interpret and employ remote sensing methods for high-frequency monitoring of glacial runoff.

We hold workshops every year inviting villagers to learn about research activities in the Qaanaaq region. This year, the workshop was held on July 28, and more villagers than usual gathered at the venue. The number of participants reached a record high of about 70 people, and we could sense that our research activities in this region have taken root, and that the villagers are showing a strong interest in the content and results of our research (Fig. 1).

The workshop began with an opening speech from a local collaborator, Ms. Toku Oshima, followed by Prof. Sugiyama (Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University) introducing research themes and researchers of the Coastal Environments team. This year, seven researchers gave presentations, and we were able to provide a wide variety of topics (Fig. 2). In the first half, four presentations were given on the theme of nature. Dr. Podolskiy (Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University) introduced the biorhythms of appaliarsuk (Alle alle), and underwater acoustics caused by iceberg movement and narwhal behavior, with the theme of the sounds of ice and animals. Ms. Ogawa (PhD student, Hokkaido University) introduced the results of research on marine ecosystems, and the villagers showed great interest in the results of analysis of the stomach contents of seals and narwhals obtained with the cooperation of local hunters. Dr. Thiebot (Hokkaido University) introduced the ecology of seabirds that live around Qaanaaq region, such as appaliarsuk. At the end of the first half, Dr. Nishimura (Shinshu University) of the Cryosphere team, which is also conducting observations based in Qaanaaq village, gave a presentation on their work on snow, ice and meteorology.

During the break time, we prepared sushi, okonomiyaki, and sweets for the villagers to enjoy the taste of Japan (Fig. 3). Everyone’s feedback was very positive, with many saying “Mamartoq! (delicious)”, and the plates were emptied in an instant.

In the second half, three presentations were made with the theme of social impact. Mr. Imazu (PhD student, Hokkaido University) explained the causes of river flooding that occurred in Qaanaaq last summer. Next, the author, Watanabe (Kitami Institute of Technology), gave a presentation on the landslide mechanism in Siorapaluk and slope hazards in the Qaanaaq region. Finally, Dr. Fukazawa (Hokkaido University) gave a talk on village waste issues and the bioconcentration of toxic substances, and presented analysis results showing that contaminated water runoff from the dump site is affecting coastal ecosystems.

After the presentations, there was time for discussion, and we deepened our mutual understanding. Seeing the serious eyes of the participants renewed our determination to accomplish our mission. We will continue to value our relationships with the villagers and engage in research activities aimed at solving the issues and questions facing the community (Fig. 4).

Every year, birds renew their feathers to keep a good protection from the weather and an optimal flying ability. The chemical composition of the newly grown feathers will be based on the food that the bird was eating at the time: it is thus possible to study the feeding conditions and the concentration of toxic contaminants that the birds experienced seasonally, just by analyzing their feathers’ composition. And because the feathers from different body areas grow in different seasons, scientists can examine the conditions experienced by the birds in different seasons, by sampling a few feathers from the wing, belly, etc.

Little auks (Alle alle, locally known as “appaliarsuk” in north-western Greenland) are small seabirds (~150 grams) that can be seen almost exclusively in the Arctic, year-round. They can thus be considered good bio-indicators of environmental conditions across seasons in Arctic marine ecosystems. Little auks are extremely abundant, with a large part of their population breeding in northwestern Greenland, where they are seasonally exploited as part of a traditional subsistence harvest by the villagers. In the spring and summer, little auks build a nest under loose rocks in high coastal slopes; they then fly in and out of the nest every day to feed on the marine organisms they can find nearby, and raise their chick. At the end of summer, little auks migrate to the south of Greenland and east of Canada, where they spend the winter eating small crustaceans.

In July-August 2024 we organized a fieldwork trip to a large colony of little auks near the village of Siorapaluk, to sample their feathers. In the two previous years, we were able to study feathers from adult little auks, which provided information on feeding conditions and mercury (Hg) contamination in the late summer and autumn. This time, we were particularly interested in sampling feathers from chicks. First, the down feathers of young chicks reflect the nutritional elements present in the egg while the chick developed: these elements are thus representative of the food that the mother little auks were able to find at sea while growing their eggs, prior to breeding. Second, by sampling the feathers newly grown on chicks before they leave the nest, we will be able to examine the feeding environment that the two parents experienced specifically during the chick-feeding period.

On the last day of our visit, we went on local hunters’ boats, to study the marine distribution of little auks across the fjords. By doing this, we aim to better understand the type of marine conditions that the birds target when searching for food at sea, and to examine the influence of glaciers on these marine conditions.

Biochemical analyses will be conducted this autumn at Hokkaido University to analyze the composition of the feathers, providing new insights on seasonal interactions in Arctic marine ecosystems. In combination with our data collected during the two previous years, these new results will be important to understand how marine ecosystems in the Arctic respond interannually to increasing contamination levels of highly toxic elements such as Mercury, and how this mechanism may affect the people from the Arctic who rely on these marine resources.

We are in Qaanaaq in northwestern Greenland from July 10 to August 14, 2024 for a field campaign on Qaanaaq Glacier as a part of the ArCS II Research Program on Coastal Environments (Fig. 1). When we arrived at Qaanaaq village, air temperature was 5 degrees, which reminded me winter in Japan. There are many dogs in the village (Fig. 2), sea ice and icebergs in the ocean, and glaciers on the mountains. This is my first trip to Greenland, thus I, Yazawa (Hokkaido University), am impressed at the beautiful landscape.

We have been monitoring mass balance and ice velocity of Qaanaaq Glacier since 2012, by using aluminum poles installed at six locations on the glacier (Fig. 3). The long-term observations are important to understand the evolution of not only Qaanaaq Glacier, but also glaciers and ice caps in northwestern Greenland, where glacier mass loss has accelerated recently. The mass balance observation this summer showed that mean mass loss of Qaanaaq Glacier was 0.52 m w.e. (water equivalent) from 2023 to 2024. The rate of the mass loss was 32% smaller than that in 2022–2023. We also perform ice velocity measurements to investigate the role of ice dynamics in recent mass loss of the glacier. To repeat the mass balance and ice speed measurements next year, we installed new aluminum poles at the survey sites (Fig. 4).

We have repeated UAV surveys since 2022 to study the spatial distribution of surface elevation change with a high spatial and temporal resolutions (Fig. 5). The high resolution aerial photographs are also utilized to investigate supraglacial streams formed by meltwater on the glacier and their influence on the glacier mass loss. This summer, we have performed UAV measurements 3 times, taking 6671 photographs in total. We generate digital elevation models based on the photographs from the UAV. Spatial distribution of surface elevation change and the development of supraglacial streams are investigated by comparing the results with those from 2022 and 2023.

On August 17, 2024, two of the researchers (Suzuki and Kobayashi) left Qaanaaq and started their return journey.

A few days earlier, it had rained heavily in the village of Qaanaaq, but snow had accumulated at higher altitudes around Qaanaaq, and white snow could be observed covering the distant islands (Fig. 1). This year’s observations, which started when the snow began to melt, have come to an end as the snow started to fall.

Looking back, the first half of this year’s observations (from early June to early July) started with two advance team members (Nishimura and Suzuki) arriving in Qaanaaq in early June to set up the base. The advance team started surveying before the snow cover melted, accumulating data from snow cover cross-section observations and setting up AWS at new sites. In mid-July, they were joined by a follow-on team of four (Shimada, Arie, Ono and Kobayashi) in Qaanaaq and were able to smoothly pass the baton to observations during the melting period.

In the second half of the observation period (mid-July to ongoing), the six-man team conducted a wide range of observations, including recharge area observations, ice core drilling, microbiological observations and optical observations. Of these, the recharge area observations in particular involved the risk of crevasse slips and falls, and could not have been achieved without any one of the six rope partners and base keepers. Ice core drilling and microbiological observations also could not be carried out by one person, and the six-person team was put to good use.

In the small detached base, all of us experienced communal living with six other people, although it lasted only 32 days. In group living, there are restrictions that prevent each person from spending time as they wish. At the same time, we were made acutely aware of the importance of committing to the rules. Just as an ice cap is formed when snow is piled on top of a foundation of land, it is possible to carry out observations when there is a foundation of life, so we learnt the importance of putting life (living) first and working hard at our jobs.

The members who returned home first left the base to the remaining four members (Nishimura, Shimada, Arie and Ono). The remaining members will stay in Qaanaaq for a few more days to organize and remove the observation equipment.

Although the ArCS II project will end this fiscal year, snow and ice observation in Qaanaaq will continue to be an important task, and the author believes that it is highly necessary to start a new project to continue the work. We hope that you will continue to pay attention to this project in the future.

（2024/8/18）

As August began, the melting of the Qaanaaq ice cap progressed, and the area of the dark-colored ice surface expanded. The observation team conducted optical observations of the ice surface (Fig. 1) and drilled ice cores to clarify the internal structure of the ice cap (Fig. 2). Ice cores were drilled four times from late July. The drilled ice cores will be brought back to Japan for further analysis.

In Qaanaaq village, the team also enjoyed interacting with the villagers. The team members visited the home of a person who has always been kind to us and enjoyed a traditional village meal of matta (whale skin), seals, and appaliarsuk (seabirds) (Fig. 3). Our observations are carried out as we are grateful to the villagers for their warm welcome.

Autumn leaves can be seen along the road. Qaanaaq’s short summer is coming to an end, and autumn is about to arrive.

（2024/8/12）

The group of the ArCS II Research Program on Cryosphere is observing glacier changes using the satellite-mounted L-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (L-Band SAR), which is able to observe the interior of the ice cap by irradiating and receiving highly penetrating long-wavelength microwaves (wavelength: about 24 cm). Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is currently operating two L-Band SARs, the “DAICHI-2 (ALOS-2)” and the “DAICHI-4 (ALOS-4)”. ALOS-4 was launched by the H3 locket on July 1, 2024.

The group plans to conduct ground-penetrating radar surveys over the entire Qaanaaq ice cap as verification data for glacier observations (internal structure of the ice cap) using L-Band SAR. However, it is necessary to establish a safe route before the survey because there are hidden crevasses near the top of the ice cap.

Therefore, on July 27, 2024, we confirmed which route is safe near the top of the ice cap. The team members secured each other’s bodies with ropes and walked in single file to prevent slipping into the crevasse (Fig. 1). The front member of the low used a sonde stick to check for crevasses (Fig. 2), while the following team member marked the established route while ensuring the safety of the first member (Fig. 3). Approximately 6 hours after departure from the base, the team reached the top of the Qaanaaq ice cap (Fig. 4). On the same day, the group also conducted snow sampling (Fig. 5), grain size observation (Fig. 6) on the top of the ice cap, and maintenance of the AWS installed at an altitude of approximately 950 m. The group will continue to be vigilant in its field observations.

On July 23 and 24, 2024, the observation team headed for the Qaanaaq ice cap. On snow and ice surfaces, red snow and dark-colored ice caused by the growth of microorganisms have begun to appear (Fig. 1 and 2). The small red spherical objects in Fig. 1(b) and the dark filamentous objects in Fig. 2(b) are microorganisms called snow/glacier algae.

A wide area on the ice cap is still covered with white snow and ice. We will continue to observe the surface condition.

On the long journey back from the ice cap, we returned to our base, gazing at the distant mountains, Qaanaaq village, and the sea of clouds (Fig. 3).

On July 17, 2024, Rigen Shimada, Masato Ono, Kino Kobayashi, and Kenshiro Arie, members of the follow-on team for the Sub Program 1 of the ArCS II Research Program on Cryosphere, arrived at Qaanaaq village.

Upon arrival at the observation base, we met up with Motoshi Nishimura and Takumi Suzuki of the advance team and were happy to see each other again (Fig. 1).

The next day (July 18), the observation team headed for the Qaanaaq ice cap. The advance team conducted snow pit observations and maintenance of the Automated Weather Station (AWS), while the follow-on team conducted preliminary inspections and surveys (Fig. 2 and 3).

The observation will be a long-term project until the end of August, and we will continue to work as one team.

The ice surface below the snow layer was exposed earlier in this year’s Qaanaaq ice cap because the low snowfall compared to previous years.

Fig. 1 is a photo taken at the SIGMA-B site on June 9, 2024. Snow cover surface, which was directly under the white logger box at the same time of last two years, is at a lower position this year. Fig. 2 is a photo of the SIGMA-B site taken one month later (July 9). It can be seen from this photo that the surface has decreased further. The snow depth at this time was 5 cm.

Fig. 3 shows the daily mean air temperature and surface height observed at the SIGMA-B site from June 1 to July 12, 2024; the temperature was below freezing in the first half of June, but it was stable and positive from the second half of June. The observed data also show that the surface height decreased as the temperature increased, with a 36.1 cm decrease in June, for a total of 54.3 cm for the analysis period.

This was the third largest surface decrease in June in the 12 years since observations began in 2012, making it a relatively unusual year. We will continue to monitor the state of the glacier as the survey continues.

On July 9, 2024, we conducted observations at the SIGMA-B site.

In our reports, we have documented the gradual disappearance of the snow cover on the Qaanaaq ice cap. In the area we have been monitoring, extending from marginal area of the ice cap to SIGMA-B, the snow cover has almost completely vanished. In the marginal area of the ice cap, we observed that the ice, once broken upstream, was transported downstream by the water flow, where it was deposited and spread out in a pattern resembling a palm (Fig. 1).

In the marginal area of the ice cap, we frequently encountered columnar ice (weathered ice), as depicted in Fig. 2. This was a significant change in appearance compared to the previously snow-covered conditions.

We also observed cryoconite, a composition of mineral particles and micro-organisms, under the ice surface. Some cryoconite holes (Fig. 3) were scattered across the ice cap.

The snow and ice surface temperatures, as observed by the SGLI sensor, were visualized on the JAXA Global Environment Monitor (https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/JASMES/index_map.html ) (Fig. 4). It was evident that the snow and ice surface temperatures on the Qaanaaq ice cap were higher in early July than they were in early June.

The sea ice around Qaanaaq village is melting.

When we arrived in Qaanaaq on June 5, 2024, the surrounding sea was covered with ice (Fig. 1). On July 5, the wind was blowing strongly, and the following day we could visually see that the sea level extent had increased (Fig. 2).

The sea ice concentration around Greenland on the AMSR Global Environment Viewer (https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/AMSR/viewer/index_e.html ) shows that the concentration has decreased over the past month (Fig. 3 and 4). In addition to sea ice concentration, the AMSR Global Environment Viewer allows the visualisation of various physical quantities related to water in the ocean, land and atmosphere, as observed by the AMSR sensor on board the GCOM-W satellite.

The sea ice has also opened up, and on July 7 the Royal Arctic Line (transport ship) arrived in Qaanaaq and started to transport supplies (Fig. 5). Foodstuffs and other supplies, which had almost been depleted, were brought to the supermarkets, enriching the lives of the villagers. We, too, are looking forward to seeing the new food products on shop shelves.

Today, July 8, the weather is fine. When we meet villagers, even complete strangers say “Good morning.” to each other. So far, this may be a common conversation in Japan, but exchanging the words “It is a beautiful day.” may not be common in Japanese cities. In Qaanaaq, the day starts pleasantly.

On June 24, 2024, we visited the upper area of the Qaanaaq Glacier to observe changes since our previous visit. We noted the formation of water flows on the glacier’s surface (Fig. 1). The air was clear and the sky was blue, providing ideal conditions for observation. We successfully installed a new Automated Weather Stations (AWS) upstream of the Qaanaaq Glacier, which we hope will provide accurate weather data.

On June 30, we traveled to the SIGMA-B site, located at the upper area of the ice cap, for further observations. It had snowed the day before, leaving about 1 cm of fresh snow on the surface, but dark dirt material was visible beneath the snow (Fig. 2 and 3).

At the SIGMA-B site, we conducted snow pit observations. The snow cover was 17 cm deep to the ice, indicating that more than 30 cm of melting had occurred since our previous visit (Fig. 4).

In Qaanaaq village, a beautiful flower known as the Arctic Poppy was in bloom (Fig. 5). Despite ongoing snowfall events on the ice cap, summer is steadily approaching.

On June 19, 2024, we visited the SIGMA-B site (Fig. 1). We measured the snow depth and found it to be about 54 cm (Fig. 2). Upon arriving in Qaanaaq, our first visit to the SIGMA-B site was on June 9, where the snow depth was about 70 cm-deep enough to conceal a squat person (Fig. 3). Despite 5 cm of snowfall since June 9, the snow had significantly melted in just 10 days. Our arrival in Qaanaaq was likely just before the snowmelt accelerated, allowing us to begin observations at a critical time.

June 21 was “National Day” in Greenland, and a festival celebrating midsummer was held in the gymnasium of Qaanaaq Village (Fig. 4). At the festival, stewed matta (whale skin) (Fig. 5), bread, coffee, and other drinks were served free of charge. In the evening, a live band of villagers entertained the crowd. It was evident that people of all ages and genders were celebrating and enjoying the day.

On June 13, 2024, we visited the SIGMA-B site for observations. We reviewed the data retrieved from the camera installed on June 9 and found it captured a clear image of the sky over SIGMA-B (Fig. 1). Additionally, we examined the snow cross-section and identified a fresh 5 cm layer resulting from snowfall on June 11-12.

Subsequently, on June 15, we conducted observations at the glacier-connected site. Using a drone, we successfully captured images of the sea and the glacier towards Qaanaaq Village (Fig. 2). Notably, the sea surface remains frozen, while the glacier is snow-covered.

The only two traces were carved on the fresh snow on our way to the ice cap (Fig. 3).

Moving forward, we will closely monitor the melting processes affecting the snow and ice.

On June 5, 2024, Motoshi Nishimura and Takumi Suzuki, members of the advance team for the Sub Program 1 of the ArCS II Research Program on Cryosphere, arrived at the observation base in Qaanaaq Village.

Two days later, we conducted a reconnaissance mission to the base of Qaanaaq Glacier to assess its condition. Our observation revealed that the glacier was covered with snow.

On June 9, we proceeded to the SIGMA-B site upstream of the glacier to carry out maintenance on the Automated Weather Station (AWS) under our care. We retrieved data from the AWS and conducted snow pit observations, noting a snow cover of approximately 70 cm deep until the ice became visible.

On June 10, we revisited the glacier area to conduct aerial snow cover assessments using a drone and to collect snow samples.

These observations will persist until the conclusion of August.

We accompanied an experienced hunter and his two assistants for narwhal (Monodon monoceros) hunting from August 17 to 21, 2023. Narwhals migrate off Qeqertat (Inglefield Bredning), northwest Greenland during summer months. This area is one of the few areas in Greenland where traditional hunting methods using kayaks are still practiced for narwhal hunting. The tusks and mattak (sliced blubber and skin) of narwhals are an important source of income for the Inuit and villagers. Because the narwhal is the marine top predator of the region, studying diet and contaminants of narwhal helps understand the impacts on the ecosystem in the region, on narwhals and even on human.

We have joined the hunting to collect materials to study diet and contaminants. We left Qaanaaq for Qeqertat at 11 pm on August 17. We wait for narwhals to come off Qeqertat. We found a pod of narwhals at 2 am. One hunter jumped on his kayak to approach to the pod, but it was unsuccessful (Fig. 1). Later, two hunters captured for a total of three narwhals for over the four days (Fig. 2).

We dissect these narwhals during low tides (Fig. 3). Before dissections, we measured the length of a narwhal. Norther fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) started gathering near the narwhal before dissection, and fed on pieces of narwhal blubbers that were thrown into the water (Fig. 4). We collected stomach, muscles, livers, and eye balls. We use stomachs to identify diet of narwhals, muscles for stable isotope analysis and contaminants, livers for contaminants and eye balls for age estimation. We hope that we can report our results in other opportunities that we may have.

We arrived in Qaanaaq on September 9th, and from the next day onwards, we conducted a field survey and collected soil samples.

We conducted a survey on waste in the same area last year, and based on the results of that survey, we planned a more detailed sampling this time. According to interviews in Qaanaaq village, open burning of waste was discontinued from December 2022, and combustible waste has been incinerated once a week in small hut near the site. Therefore, we had the impression that the amount of waste is increasing.

In addition, it was confirmed that as a new attempt, hazardous materials (batteries, waste oil, etc.) are accumulated around the hut and backhauling is trying to carry out. It seems that improvements are being made little by little.

This year, sampling was mainly focused on soil and sediment from the tidal flats in the direction of the sea from the dump site. Seven sampling lines were set up downstream of the residue after open burning site, human excreta dumping site, direct landfilling site, and hazardous/recyclables storage site. And samples were collected from a total of 35 locations. In some places, black mud appeared directly below the topsoil, and there was a hydrogen sulfide odor, suggesting that the impact of the dump site seemed to extend to the sea side.

Air quality was measured at the dump site using the VOC Index. The VOC concentration increased after midnight. The wind velocity was probably high during the daytime, but after midnight, the gases generated from the waste stayed around the dump site because of low wind velocity, and high values were measured.

We also surveyed indoor environment, etc. We collected the sensors installed during the last year’s visit and found that the indoor environment of the guest house for short-term stays and a general residence had been stable throughout the year. Since the outdoor temperature was not very high, the rooms were always heated, and the humidity level was very low due to the introduction of outside air into the rooms through ventilation. The indoor environment of the boiler room, where outside air is introduced into the guest house, was also measured, and both PM and VOC values tended to be higher in the summer season. The same tendency was observed in the general resident house.

We interviewed a resident about energy costs. Although the energy cost is currently rising all over the world, the cost in Greenland is stable due to the long-term contract. However, the contract will expire at the end of 2023 and a new contract will begin, at which time energy costs are expected to rise significantly.

We surveyed the landslide mechanism around Siorapaluk settlement from July 27 to August 3, 2023. The landslides are generally characterized by shallow collapse depth of about 2 to 3 meters, but they flowed down to the coastline several hundred meters away as debris flow（Fig. 1）. These landslides were triggered by heavy rains in the summers of 2016 and 2017. However, the heavy rain events are not the only reason why a number of huge landslides occurred. We think that geological structures and permafrost also play an important role in the occurrence of the long-distance landslides.

In this year’s survey, we applied electrical exploration to understand the internal structure of the landslide (Fig. 2). The electrical exploration measures the distribution of underground resistivity by sending current from a number of electrodes installed on the ground. The cross-sectional diagram of the electrical exploration showed a low resistivity (moist) zone near the collapse source.

We also attempted to detect springs on the landslide slopes using thermography. The slopes had been dry because of little rain, resulting in no springs detected at first. However, at the end of the survey period, when it rained for the first time in a while, thermography detected spring water coming from the landslide sources (Fig. 3).

The results of electrical exploration and thermography indicated that subsurface structures tend to collect water near the landslide sources. Such structures are often hidden by unstable debris covers in cold regions with low landslide frequency. If the amount of rainfall increases in the future due to climate change, the risk of debris-flow occurrence will increase. It is important to tell residents the risks of slope disasters.

What happens if you travel to one of the most northern settlements in the world and mix the following ingredients? Innuits, kids, Japanese sushi, cookies, powerful loudspeakers, slides, and lots of coffee (Fig. 1)? Of course, a workshop! Such kind of public events have been held by the members of our expedition almost annually in a small village of Qaanaaq, Northwest Greenland, and this year was not an exception.

This summer, on August 3, we organized a workshop in collaboration with locals and it was a blast (at least in our opinion). Moreover, this time we had the youngest audience ever, because many families came all together. In total, around 40 people and a film crew from Japan gathered in the local school building to listen to presentations by 5 members of our expedition (Fig. 2). This was not only an opportunity to explain what kind of research the expedition had been conducting, but also allowed us to exchange information with the locals. In addition, during coffee breaks, some valuable interviews could be conducted with locals.

In the beginning, our key local supporter, Ms. Toku Oshima, introduced us to everyone. Then, the leader of our expedition, Prof. S. Sugiyama (ILTS, HU) briefly outlined the key objectives of field observations and expressed concerns about the potential threat from waste-management practices in the village. Afterwards, Assoc. Prof. E. Podolskiy (ARC, HU) played sounds of ice and animals recorded around Qaanaaq and used to understand otherwise unseen environmental dynamics. Later, M.Sc. candidate T. Imazu (GSES, HU) told about the Qaanaaq ice-cap melting and runoff monitoring, which strongly affect the strategically important road between the airport and the village. Next, Ph.D. candidate M. Ogawa (GSES, HU) presented her work on seals’ diet and the ongoing bio sampling effort, aiming to understand migration of pollutants through the tropical chains. Finally, historical photographs taken in the region (from the 1970s) and shown by Dr. R. Kusaka (ILTS, HU) were welcomed with a greatest interest and some participants could recognize their relatives or even themselves.

Thanks to a simultaneous translation to Greenlandic and earlier rehearsals aiming to find the right words, our communication with locals was smooth and easy (Fig. 3). With kids playing in the room, the atmosphere was relaxed and joyful. On top of everything, we even got a giant Arctic Char as a present, which we grilled for dinner (Fig. 4). We are certainly looking forward to this kind of event next year again! Let’s see if the fish will be even larger!

In 2015 and 2016, the glacier outlet rivers flooded and destroyed an important road connecting the village and airport. The disasters were caused by intensive glacier melting as well as heavy rain events. To better understand the impact of climate change on the society of Qaanaaq as well as the glacier, we have measured river discharge since 2017. This summer, we measured discharge 54 times (Fig. 1), while the water level was continuously monitored with pressure sensors. We also installed acoustic and infrasound recorders to find relationships between the measurements and discharge. During the campaign this summer, flooding and destruction of the road occurred twice in July and August (Fig. 2). We work on the collected data to contribute to the prediction and mitigation of such disasters.

On the glacier, we have been monitoring the mass balance and flow velocity for more than 10 years since 2012 (Fig. 3). In 2022, we started drone survey to analyze glacier changes from high-resolution images and digital elevation models (Fig. 4). Since the ice temperature of Qaanaaq Glacier is below 0°C, meltwater does not penetrate into the glacier and forms channels on the glacier surface. One of the objectives of the drone survey is to analyze the formation and development of these channels (Fig. 5). We have succeeded six drone flights, covering the area from the terminus to the upper reaches of the glacier. Under the influence of relatively fine weather conditions, intensive melt, channel formation and ice darkening due to glacial microbes were observed in July. High resolution images should help us to understand the mechanism of rapid glacier changes.

The ArCS II Cryosphere Program (Sub-1) Snow/Ice and Climate Team stayed at the SIGMA-A site, northwest Greenland ice sheet from 21 to 27 June 2023 to carry out research activities for the project. Originally, this expedition at the SIGMA-A site was planned in 2021; however, it was impossible to perform during the past 2 years due to COVID-19. In this year, we did our best to perform the expedition. For the access to/from the site, the Twin Otter by Kenn Borek Air (Canada) was used (Fig. 1).

During the period, the research team installed a new Automatic Weather Station (AWS) successfully (Fig. 2).

In addition, the research team conducted in-situ glaciological measurements, GPS measurements, and drone measurements. The AWS measures surface pressure, air temperature/relative humidity/wind speed/wind direction at 3 and 6 m above the snow surface, snow temperature at 3 difference depths, and upward and downward shortwave/longwave/near-infrared radiations (Fig. 3). Because the AWS is equipped with the ARGOS satellite transmitter, the in-situ measured data can be monitored near-real time. The present-day Greenland ice sheet has experienced drastic snow/ice mass losses due to various kind of processes, which affects the global climate system substantially through e.g. sea level rise. It is expected that the SIGMA-A AWS provides important basic measurement-based information of the rapidly changing physical conditions of the ice sheet.

On June 14, all members of ArCS II Cryosphere Program (Sub-1) observation team for FY2023 gathered for the in-situ field works. From right to left: Nozomu Okawara (MRI), Tetsuhide Yamasaki (Avangnaq Arctic Project), Masashi Niwano (MRI), Rigen Shimada (JAXA), Sojiro Sunako (NIED) and Motoshi Nishimura (NIPR).

The observation site in Qaanaaq Village is equipped with a kitchen and beds for each participant, providing a comfortable living environment. While living together at the site for more than one month, we will conduct field observations on the Greenland ice sheet and ice cap, set up and maintain observation equipment, and cooperate with each other.

Currently, we are steadily preparing for the installation of meteorological instruments (SIGMA-A) on the inland ice sheet, which is the most important mission of this year.

SIGMA-B site is one of the most important meteorological observation sites in the Arctic, where one of the Automatic Weather Station (AWS) is installed by the ArCS II project. This was the first visit to the site in about a year, and maintenance work was performed.
The team improved the performance of the instrument by quickly and accurately removing weather sensors that needed to be replaced and installing new ones. We also checked the overall functionality of the instrument, paying close attention to other functions such as battery charge status and communication capabilities.

After the maintenance work was completed, meteorological observations of the Qaanaaq Ice Cap resumed and monitoring will continue. These data will play an important role in the study of climate change and other environmental factors in the Arctic region. The data will also be shared with the international scientific community and is expected to contribute to the improvement of global climate models.

SIGMA-B AWS data is available on the Arctic Data archive System (ADS):

• SIGMA-B Automatic Weather Station (AWS) Data

On August 23, Yuta Sakuragi, Monica Ogawa, and Kusaka (Hokkaido University) held a small workshop, which more than ten people attended, about 30 % of the village residents. We asked Ikuo Oshima, who has lived in Siorapaluk for 50 years, to translate for us and introduce our research. Residents asked questions about melting glaciers and seal ecology, making it a valuable time.

First, we conducted visual surveys of marine mammals and seabirds from vessels ship. We observed ringed seals (Pusa hispida, Fig. 1), bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus, Fig. 2), harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) and narwhal (Monodon monoceros). We also observed seabirds that breed in the Arctic region, such as the little auk (Alle alle, Fig. 3) and the black guillemot (Cepphus grylle). Marine observations were also carried out at the same time such as water temperature and salinity measurements and plankton sampling. We plan to clarify the distribution factors of marine mammals and seabirds.

With the help of local hunters, we obtained samples of stomach contents, muscles and livers from seals and seabirds. We plan to investigate their feeding habits and contaminants in the future. At the breeding site of the little auk, we searched for their nests and weighted the chicks (Fig. 4) to understand breeding success.

In addition, we successfully deployed five underwater recording devices (Fig. 5) to determine the distribution of narwhals. The presence or absence of narwhal vocalizations indicates their distribution and seasonal variation. These underwater recording devices are scheduled to be retrieved next summer.

During the summer, anadromous Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) migrate from wintering lakes to the sea for foraging (Fig. 1), and people set gill nets (nylon monofilament, 10 cm mesh, 25 m long) in 1-2 m deep water along the coast to catch char (Fig. 2). We investigated the timing of the catch of char in the gill nets and the differences in migration timing by size.

During the winter season when sea ice covers the ocean, bottom longline fishing for Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) is conducted, and the characteristics of the fishery were investigated (Fig. 3). Future winter surveys are planned.

In Bowdoin fjord, melting water from calving glacier affects the marine ecosystem. Marine fish and zooplanktons are important as feeds of seabirds and marine mammals that are important food resources for the people living around the area.
On August 2, 2022, we deployed an acoustic profiler system at a location in Bowdoin fjord to research when and how many marine organisms appear in the area (Fig. 4, 5). The profiler was deployed on the bottom of the site where the water depth was approximately 230 m (Fig. 5 shows the scene before the profiler sank to the bottom).

Biological sampling was also carried out using a plankton net to confirm the zooplankton species that were monitored by the acoustic profiler at that time (Fig. 6). The acoustic profiler will continue to collect data for a year, and we will pick it up in summer next year. The knowledge from data of the acoustic profiler is expected to grow understanding the marine ecosystem in the area.

Gravitational slope deformation is developing on fjord high cliffs due to the stress changes following glacier retreat. Eventually, huge rock failures will occur, and accompanying tsunamis will hit nearby settlements. High-resolution DEM shows the possibility of gravitational slope deformation related to destabilization on fjord slopes around Qaanaaq, the largest settlement in NW Greenland. In this summer’s survey, the fjord slopes were photographed with a super-telephoto lens camera to understand the wide range of geological structures around Qaanaaq (Fig. 3). Close-up photography with a drone and visual observation from a fishing boat were also carried out, focusing on areas of slope instability (Fig. 4). We are analyzing large-landslides and induced tsunami risk by obtaining new image data.

（2022/8/3）

How Does Meltwater Come Out from a Glacier in Greenland?

Writer：Masahiro Minowa (Hokkaido University)
Ken Kondo (Hokkaido University)

The recent rapid warming caused an increase in the melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet, resulting in an increase in runoff into the ocean. However, much of the melted water may be retained by refreezing in the accumulation area of the ice sheet where ice is covered by snow, and it could be reducing the runoff. To investigate the relationships between melting, refreezing, and runoff in the Greenland Ice Sheet, we performed in-situ observations in Qaanaaq Glacier in northwestern Greenland from July 3 to 23 2022 (Fig. 1).

In addition to the surface mass balance monitoring which we have been continuing for a decade, we newly deployed thermistors, conductivity sensors, and geophones within a snow/ice in the accumulation area of the glacier (Figs 2 and 3). Several shallow snow/ice cores were also taken, and we found that meltwater was refrozen indeed under the snow layer (Fig. 4).

By comparing meltwater runoff from the glacier and the processes occurring at the accumulation area, we are going to understand how meltwater comes out from a glacier and the influence of the recent warming for the runoff from the Greenland Ice Sheet (Fig. 5).

（2022/7/27）

Related Contents

• Coastal Environments｜Research Programs｜Strategic Goals and Research Programs

The post Field Research Around Qaanaaq Coast, Northwestern Greenland first appeared on The Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II (ArCS II).

https://www.nipr.ac.jp/arcs2/e/project-report/2022-pfrr/ Fri, 09 Dec 2022 04:27:50 +0000 https://www.nipr.ac.jp/arcs2/e/?post_type=project_report&p=3281 In collaboration with theInternational Arctic Research Center (IARC) of the University of Alaska Fairbanks, one of the International Collaboration Sites of ArCS II, various research activities and observations are conducted in Alaska. In 2022, researchers stayed at IARC conducted research related to the Research Program on Land at the Poker Flat Research Range super site (PFRR), also one of the International Collaboration Sites, as well as activities related to research on other projects. Overview of the Field Research in Alaska 2022 Writer: Hideki Kobayashi (JAMSTEC) We had the opportunity to stay at the International Arctic Research Center (IARC) of the University of Alaska Fairbanks for an extended period of time, […]

The post Field Research at Poker Flat Research Range Super Site in Alaska first appeared on The Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II (ArCS II).

]]> In collaboration with theInternational Arctic Research Center (IARC) of the University of Alaska Fairbanks, one of the International Collaboration Sites of ArCS II, various research activities and observations are conducted in Alaska. In 2022, researchers stayed at IARC conducted research related to the Research Program on Land at the Poker Flat Research Range super site (PFRR), also one of the International Collaboration Sites, as well as activities related to research on other projects.

Overview of the Field Research in Alaska 2022

Writer: Hideki Kobayashi (JAMSTEC)

We had the opportunity to stay at the International Arctic Research Center (IARC) of the University of Alaska Fairbanks for an extended period of time, and while in Fairbanks from early May around the snow melts until the end of November, we worked at the Poker Flat Research Range, one of ArCS II’s International Collaboration Sites.

One of the purposes of our stay was to respond to instrument troubles that occurred when we were unable to visit the site since the spread of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). My last visit to the site was in early March 2020. However, during the course of my visit, visitors were restricted to enter the University of Alaska due to COVID-19, and I was unable to fully inspect the site. Fortunately, with the strong support of researchers and technicians at the University of Alaska, we were able to continue acquiring the main data. During this stay in 2022, we restored the greenhouse gas flux observation system (eddy covariance system) on the forest floor, which was not in good condition, replaced the cables of the spectroradiometer systems that obtain satellite validation data, and removed broken sensors (Fig. 1).

Other projects included the construction of a soil warming experimental area to study how forest ecosystems change as a result of permafrost thawing, which was planned as part of research by the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC). Starting in mid-May, we dug dozens of holes approximately 1.5 m in depth in the ground and buried the rod-shaped heaters. This was our first experience drilling through permafrost layers, and although it took longer than originally planned, we were able to install the heaters by mid-June with the help of our collaborators at the University of Alaska. In this experimental area, an automatic gas chamber system has been installed to monitor long-term variations in greenhouse gas fluxes, and observations have begun (Fig. 2).

We also conducted activities to obtain ground validation data in conjunction with an aircraft observation campaign conducted as part of NASA’s Arctic-Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE) project. This year, the airspace over the Fairbanks area was covered with forest fire smoke from late June to mid-July, and for a time the acquisition of observation data was compromised, but by late July the smoke gradually subsided and we were able to acquire ground verification data in time for aircraft observations over the Poker Flat site in late July 2022. After the NASA’s aircraft observations in the Alaska area, there was a NASA open house event at the Fairbanks International Airport, where we were able to see the Gulfstream III (NASA C-20A) aircraft used in the aircraft observations (Fig. 3).

During this stay, it was a great benefit to be able to see the seasonal changes at the observation site from the snow melts to summer and fall, and the ground is now covered with snow again. Together with the researcher who accompanied me, we were able to acquire various data. We plan to continue our observations in the field while gradually analyzing these data.

I would also like to thank Dr. Hajo Eicken, Director of IARC, our collaborators, and the staff at the Poker Flat office of the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska Fairbanks, for all their help during this stay.

Wildfire in Alaska 2022

Writer: Hideki Kobayashi (JAMSTEC)

Fairbanks and surrounding area were hit by one of the largest wildfire events in the 2022 season. This is because there has been little rain since the snow melted in early May, and the forest floor has dried up due to strong sunlight and dry air. According to the articles in the local newspaper, Daily News-Miner, the main cause of the smoke that blanketed Fairbanks was a wildfire happened in an area about 80-100 km west of district (Clear fire, Mint Lake fire). The burned area of fires across Alaska is reportedly well over 2 million acres (~8100 km² caused by lightningsup>), more than double the average from the past record. In the 2022 season, of the 557 wildfires that identified in Alaska by the end of July, 253 were human-induced and 268 were caused by lightning¹⁾. The human-induced incidents were roughly half of total, however, looking at past statistical data, the burned area caused by lightning strikes is overwhelmingly larger²⁾, and it is possible that the situation was similar this year as well.

Around the end of June, air pollution caused by smoke began to become serious even in Fairbanks city. After being outdoors for a while, I developed a sore throat, and even schools for kids in the city canceled or postponed outdoor activities. In addition, gas stations and food truck restaurants, which are often found in Fairbanks, were temporarily closed due to the smoke. Even at the Poker Flat Research Range, one of the ArCS II International Collaboration Sites, the effects of the smoke became serious, and until around the end of July when the air pollution from the smoke settled down, we had to reduce outdoor activities while monitoring the air pollution situation.

During my stay, I was able to learn firsthand how wildfires can have a serious impact on the local community. Fires cause deaths, burn down properties such as houses, affect infrastructure such as power outages, and impede the economic activities of residents and tourists due to air pollution. In recent years, wildfires in Alaska have increased in frequency.
I was reminded of the importance of managing forest fires. We have provided data obtained from our monitoring site at the Poker Flat Research Range to the Alaska Fire Service. We hope that our activities will continue to contribute to improving the accuracy of wildfire early warning systems.

References
1） Fairbanks Daily News-Miner articles “Warm weekend weather stokes Clear and Minto Lakes fires; evacuation orders in place (June 27, 2022), “Alaska on Fire: Thousands of lightning strikes and a warming climate put Alaska on pace for another historic fire season” (July 10, 2022), “Fire season winds down in Alaska, but the potential for blazes remains” (August 4, 2022)
2） Alaska’s Changing Wildfire Environment, International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks (https://uaf-iarc.org/alaskas-changing-wildfire-environment/ ) (Access date: Nov. 14, 2022)

Related Contents

• Land｜Research Programs｜Strategic Goals and Research Programs
• International Collaboration Sites｜Research Infrastructures

The post Field Research at Poker Flat Research Range Super Site in Alaska first appeared on The Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II (ArCS II).

]]>

https://www.nipr.ac.jp/arcs2/e/project-report/2022greenland-cryo/ Mon, 26 Sep 2022 06:37:28 +0000 https://www.nipr.ac.jp/arcs2/e/?post_type=project_report&p=2853 One of the research teams of the Research Program on Cryosphere has installed Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) to acquire data at two locations around Qaanaaq in northwestern Greenland, one on the ice sheet (SIGMA-A) and the other on the ice cap isolated from the ice sheet (SIGMA-B) . This summer, members of the research team visit the site to maintain the AWS and conduct weather and snow/ice physics observations. Please enjoy reports from the members along with photos. Table of Contents Observation of Red Snow and Cryoconite in Qaanaaq Glacier, Northwest Greenland（2022/8/5）New! Meteorological, Aerosol, and Precipitation Observation at the Qaanaaq Observation Site（2022/8/5） AWS Update Work at SIGMA-B Site on Qaanaaq […]

The post Snow/Ice Observation in Qaanaaq, Northwestern Greenland first appeared on The Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II (ArCS II).

]]> One of the research teams of the Research Program on Cryosphere has installed Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) to acquire data at two locations around Qaanaaq in northwestern Greenland, one on the ice sheet (SIGMA-A) and the other on the ice cap isolated from the ice sheet (SIGMA-B) . This summer, members of the research team visit the site to maintain the AWS and conduct weather and snow/ice physics observations. Please enjoy reports from the members along with photos.

Table of Contents
Observation of Red Snow and Cryoconite in Qaanaaq Glacier, Northwest Greenland（2022/8/5）New!
Meteorological, Aerosol, and Precipitation Observation at the Qaanaaq Observation Site（2022/8/5）
AWS Update Work at SIGMA-B Site on Qaanaaq Ice Cap was Completed!（2022/8/4）
Ice Core Drilling in Qaanaaq Glacier, Northwest Greenland.（2022/8/4）
Automatic Weather Station Replacement at the SIGMA-B Site on the Qaanaaq Ice Cap（2022/7/29）
Remarkable Snowmelt at the SIGMA-B Site from Late June to July 2022（2022/7/25）
Observations of Snow and Ice Microbes and Sampling of Surface Runoff on Qaanaaq Glacier（2022/7/22）
The Village of Qaanaaq, Northwestern Greenland（2022/7/22）
Snow, Ice and Atmospheric Observations Along a Way to the SIGMA-B Site on the Qaanaaq Ice Cap（2022/7/22）
SIGMA-B Site Automatic Weather Station Update in Progress（2022/7/13）
Snow Survey on the Qaanaaq Ice Cap in Northwestern Greenland（2022/7/13）

Observation of Red Snow and Cryoconite in Qaanaaq Glacier, Northwest Greenland

Writer：Takumi Suzuki (Chiba University)

On 3 August 2022, we observed red snow and cryoconite on Qaanaaq Glacier.

On the sides of the glacier, there were areas where snow remained and the surface was observed to be stained red.

Cryoconite was widely distributed on the glacier and was observed to be stained black, while near the glacier terminus, cryoconite holes had formed and the surface remained white.

Extraction of pigments from the obtained samples showed this to be the case.
Further analysis of the factors involved will be carried out in the future.

（2022/8/5）

Meteorological, Aerosol, and Precipitation Observation at the Qaanaaq Observation Site

Writer：Tomoki Kajikawa (University of Tsukuba)
Motoshi Nishimura (NIPR)

On July 20, we started observations at the Qaanaaq observation site with a disdrometer, PM2.5 measurement system for cold regions, and precipitation sampler.In addition, we will investigate the origin of precipitation and its relationship with air pollutants based on chemical composition, isotopic ratio of precipitation and PM2.5 concentration. In addition, we plan to evaluate and improve the accuracy of the Meteorological Chemistry – isotope model by comparing these observation and analysis data.

In addition to these precipitation and deposition observations, meteorological observations using used AWS equipment began at the observation site on August 2. Unlike the ice cap and ice sheet observation sites that we have continued to maintain, we are now able to obtain observation data on a non-snow/ice surface at a lower altitude and closer to the coast. This data will not only provide us with information on the meteorological characteristics of the low-elevation areas in Greenland, but will also be valuable for understanding the climate over a wide area of Greenland.

Although some observations can only be conducted for a short period of time during the stay of the observation members, we cooperate with them to conduct intensive observations in order to obtain the maximum amount of data under the favorable environment of “long-term stay at the site”.

（2022/8/5）

AWS Update Work at SIGMA-B Site on Qaanaaq Ice Cap was Completed!

Writer：Motoshi Nishimura (NIPR)

On July 31, we completed all the work that had been underway since late June to upgrade the Automatic Weather Station (AWS) on the Qaanaaq ice cap in northwestern Greenland. As the final work, the batteries that power the instruments were replaced and the AWS was secured with wire stays. Due to various accidents, this year’s AWS renewal work did not go according to the original plan, but after many times of diligent work by the team members, the work was completed in one month.

It is important to continue to record long-term meteorological observation data for climate environmental monitoring. Since all the equipment was replaced during this year’s work, we will be able to maintain our observation system continuously in the future. We expect that this data will be used not only for research in the Arctic region, but also for various related effects on society.

（2022/8/4）

Ice Core Drilling in Qaanaaq Glacier, Northwest Greenland.

Writer：Takumi Suzuki (Chiba University)

Ice core drilling was carried out on Qaanaaq Glacier in northwest Greenland. By drilling ice cores, we were able to ascertain whether the interior of the glacier contained cryoconite (a mass of microorganisms and minerals). Ice was also sampled in areas where the surface was both blackened and not blackened. In addition, aerial drone observations were carried out to clearly photograph the blackened and not blackened areas. We will now proceed to analyze the micro-organisms contained in the darker ice.

（2022/8/4）

Automatic Weather Station Replacement at the SIGMA-B Site on the Qaanaaq Ice Cap

Writer：Teruo Aoki (NIPR)

On July 25, 2022, we conducted a round trip observation to the SIGMA-B site (940 m a.s.l.) again under the best weather condition, where a new data logger and some sensors were replaced, as well as a near-infrared albedo meter installation. It is expected to provide error-free observation data for several years. Our remaining work is to replace the batteries. I appreciate the members: Motoshi Nishimura, Takumi Suzuki, and Tomoki Kajikawa for carrying their heavy loads on the ice cap.

（2022/7/29）

Remarkable Snowmelt at the SIGMA-B Site from Late June to July 2022

Writer：Teruo Aoki (NIPR)

These two photographs were taken at the SIGMA-B site on June 20, 2022, and a month later July 18, which show a significant lowering in the snow surface. As shown in the figure, there were many positive air temperature days at the SIGMA-B site during the past month and approximately 70 cm of decrease in snow height was observed.

Air temperature and snow height observed at SIGMA-A in June and July, 2022

（2022/7/25）

Observations of Snow and Ice Microbes and Sampling of Surface Runoff on Qaanaaq Glacier

Writer：Motoshi Nishimura (NIPR)

We conducted observations of snow and ice microbes and sampled surface runoff on Qaanaaq Glacier in the Qaanaaq Ice Cap of northwestern Greenland. In the ablation area of Qaanaaq Glacier, which has been darkening with the progression of snowmelt, we will identify snow and ice microbes living on the glacier surface that cause the darkening and analyze the surface conditions.

In addition, to understand the origin of water recharged by the glacier and the hydrological processes leading to the runoff, we will collect meltwater flowing on the glacier surface and analyze its components.

Samples collected in the field will be pretreated for analysis at the observation base. We are working hard to maximize the results of our research with limited supplies.

（2022/7/22）

The Village of Qaanaaq, Northwestern Greenland

Writer：Motoshi Nishimura (NIPR)

We are conducting snow, ice, and climate research in the Qaanaaq ice cap in northwestern Greenland. In the village of Qaanaaq, which is as a base for these observations, we meet local people who hunt on the sea ice and their dogs. In the short summer period of Qaanaaq, flowers and grasses, such as the Arctic Poppy, also make an appearance.

We live surrounded by these people, animals, and plants, and face the ever-changing nature.

（2022/7/22）

Snow, Ice and Atmospheric Observations Along a Way to the SIGMA-B Site on the Qaanaaq Ice Cap

Writer：Teruo Aoki (NIPR)

On July 18, 2022, we conducted a round trip observation to the SIGMA-B site (940 m a.s.l.) under perfect weather condition, carrying about AWS 50 kg of batteries that had been stored along the way, snow pit survey, satellite-synchronized observation, and snow/ice samplings at the SIGMA-B. Student members performed a glacial microbes survey, surface albedo measurements and snow/ice samplings along the way to Qaanaaq. We enjoyed a wonderful day in the Arctic despite an 11-hour-long time activity. However, we are concerned about the significant snowmelt compared to the snow height reported by our advance team in June.

（2022/7/22）

SIGMA-B Site Automatic Weather Station Update in Progress

Writer：Motoshi Nishimura (NIPR)

We are performing maintenance of Automatic Weather Station that has been installed on the Qaanaaq Ice Cap in northwestern Greenland since 2012. It takes 4 hours one way to approach the observation site, and the necessary tools and equipment are carried by hand.

This year, we are carrying out a large-scale renewal of the instruments, and work is being carried out systematically with limited manpower.
The work started in late June and is progressing steadily.

（2022/7/13）

Snow Survey on the Qaanaaq Ice Cap in Northwestern Greenland

Writer：Motoshi Nishimura (NIPR)

Snow surveys and snow sampling specific to the expertise of the research team members are conducted on the Qaanaaq Ice Cap.

The surface conditions of the ice cap, which is at a relatively low elevation, change during the short summer season, making it important to conduct observations at a high frequency.

（2022/7/13）

Related Contents

• Cryosphere｜Research Programs｜Strategic Goals and Research Programs
• SIGMA-B Automatic Weather Station (AWS) Data｜Arctic Data archive System (ADS)

The post Snow/Ice Observation in Qaanaaq, Northwestern Greenland first appeared on The Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II (ArCS II).

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